King tutankhamun treasures tomb zahi hawass biography

Egyptian Egyptologist (born )

Zahi Abass Hawass (Egyptian Arabic: زاهي حواس; born May 28, ) is an Egyptianarchaeologist, Egyptologist, and former Minister of Tourism and Antiquities, a position he served twice in. He has worked at archaeological sites in the Nile Delta, the Western Desert and the Upper Nile Valley.

Early life

Hawass was born in a small village near Damietta, Egypt. Although he originally dreamed of becoming an attorney,^[1] he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Greek and Roman Archaeology from Alexandria University in In , Hawass earned a diploma in Egyptology from Cairo University.^[2] He then worked at the Great Pyramids as an inspector—a combination of administrator and archaeologist.

When he was 33 years old, Hawass was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to attend the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia to study Egyptology,^[1] earning a Master of Arts degree in the subject and also one in Syro-Palestinian Archaeology in , and his PhD in Egyptology in ^[1][2] from the Graduate Group in the Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World (AAMW), concentrating on "The Funerary Establishments of Khufu, Khafra and Menkaura During the Old Kingdom."^[3]

He is often mistaken for being a Coptic Christian because of his name, even though he is Muslim.^[4]

Career

Archaeology and early government career

Hawass was Associate Director of Excavation at Hermopolis in and Tarrana – Since , he has been Excavation Director and Restoration Director at various sites throughout Egypt, predominantly Giza.^[5]

From to , Hawass was Inspector of Antiquities for a multitude of archaeological expeditions, for instance the Yale Expedition at Abydos, Egypt in , and Abu Simbel between and ^[6]

He sporadically taught Egyptian archaeology and history and culture at universities in Egypt and the USA between and , most notably at the American University in Cairo, the University of California, Los Angeles and Alexandria University. Hawass has described his efforts as trying to help institute a systematic program for the preservation and restoration of historical monuments, while training Egyptians to improve their expertise on methods of excavation, retrieval and preservation.^[7]

Giza

Hawass was Inspector of Antiquities for Giza –74, First Inspector until and Chief Inspector in Starting in , he held the position of Director General of the Giza monuments, which included the sites of Giza, Saqqara, Memphis, Dahshur, Abusir and Bahariya Oasis.

After the discovery of Gantenbrink's Door in , he left the position – according to Hawass, a resignation^[8] – but was reinstated several months later, following a change in leadership and the transformation of the Egyptian Antiquities Organization into the Supreme Council of Antiquities.

He was promoted to Undersecretary of the State for the Giza Monuments in ^[9]

Hawass continues to be involved in archaeological projects at Giza and other sites in Egypt. As of ^[update], he headed the science committee overseeing the ScanPyramids project.^[10]

Politics

In , Hawass was appointed as the Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. When US President Barack Obama visited Cairo in June , Hawass gave him personal tours of ancient Egyptian archaeological sites.^[11] Facing mandatory retirement, he was promoted by President Hosni Mubarak to the post of Vice Minister of Culture at the end of ^[12][13]

protest vandalism

On January 29, , in the midst of the Egyptian protests of that year, Hawass arrived at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo to find that a number of cases had been broken into and a number of antiquities damaged, so police were brought in to secure the museum.^[14] According to Andrew Lawler, reporting for Science, Hawass said that he "faxed a colleague in Italy that 13 cases were destroyed. My heart is broken and my blood is boiling".^[15]

Hawass later told The New York Times that thieves looking for gold broke 70 objects, including two sculptures of the pharaoh Tutankhamun and took two skulls from a research lab, before being stopped as they left the museum.^[16]

Minister of Antiquities

Hawass was appointed to the position of Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, a newly created cabinet post, by Mubarak on January 31, , as part of a cabinet shake-up during the protests.^{[15][16][17][dead link&#;]} A press release including a statement from Hawass stated that he "will continue excavating, writing books, and representing his country,"^[18] ensuring that archaeological sites in Egypt were being safeguarded and looted objects returned.^{[citation needed]} Regarding the Egyptian Museum looting, he said: "The museum was dark and the nine robbers did not recognise the value of what was in the vitrines. They opened thirteen cases, threw the seventy objects on the ground and broke them, including one Tutankhamun case, from which they broke the statue of the king on a panther. However, the broken objects can all be restored, and we will begin the restoration process this week."^{[This quote needs a citation][17]} Hawass rejected comparisons with the looting of antiquities in Iraq and Afghanistan.^[16]

On February 13, Mahmoud Kassem of Bloomberg reported Hawass as saying that "18 artifacts, including statues of King Tutankhamun", were stolen from the Egyptian Museum in January; Kassem, paraphrasing Hawass, continues: "The missing objects include 11 wooden shabti statuettes from Yuya, a gilded wooden statue of Tutankhamun carried by a goddess and a statue of Nefertiti making offerings".^[19]

Egyptian state television reported that Hawass called upon Egyptians not to believe the “lies and fabrications” of the Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya satellite television channels.^[20] Hawass later said: “They should give us the opportunity to change things, and if nothing happens they can march again. But you can’t bring in a new president now, in this time. We need Mubarak to stay and make the transition”.^[16] On March 3, , he resigned after a list was posted on his personal website of dozens of sites across Egypt that were looted during the protests.^{[21][22][23][24][25]}

Hawass was reappointed Minister of Antiquities by then-Prime Minister Essam Sharaf.^[26][27] On March 30, , a tweet was posted, stating: "I am very happy to be the Minister of Antiquities once again!"^[28] but resigned on July 17, ,^{[citation needed]} after Sharaf informed him he would not be continuing in the position.^[29] According to opinion report from an Egyptian commentator in The Guardian, Hawass was "sacked".^{[30][dubious &#; discuss][better&#;source&#;needed]}

Claimed discoveries

As his biography at the National Geographic Explorers webpage notes, he states that he is

responsible for many recent discoveries, including the tombs of the pyramid builders at Giza and the Valley of the Golden Mummies at Bahariya. At Giza, he also uncovered the satellite pyramid of Khufu. In , as part of the National Geographic Society-sponsored Egyptian Mummy Project to learn more about patterns of disease, health, and mortality in ancient Egypt, he led a team that CT scanned the mummy of King Tutankhamun. His team is continuing to CT scan mummies, both royal and private, and hopes to solve some of the mysteries surrounding the lives and deaths of such important figures as Hatshepsut and Nefertiti.^[31]

Appearances

Hawass has appeared on television specials on channels such as the National Geographic Channel, the History Channel and the Discovery Channel.^[32] Hawass has also appeared in several episodes of the U.S. television show Digging for the Truth, discussing mummies, the pyramids, Tutankhamun, Cleopatra and Ramesses II. He also appeared on Unsolved Mysteries during a segment on the curse of Tutankhamun's tomb. In , Hawass appeared on a reality-based television show on The History Channel called Chasing Mummies.^[33]

Hawass also worked alongside Egyptologist Otto Schaden during the opening of Tomb KV63 in February – the first intact tomb to be found in the Valley of the Kings since ^[34]

In June , Hawass announced that he and a team of experts may have identified the mummy of Hatshepsut,^[35] in KV60, a small tomb in the Valley of the Kings.^{[citation needed]} The opening of the sealed tomb was described in as "one of the most important events in the Valley of the Kings for almost a hundred years."^[36]

Hawass was interviewed about his work by Keith Floyd as part of his television series Floyd around the Med in the episode "Cairo, Egypt and Aswan to Luxor" ().

Hawass was the host of the documentary Egypt's Ten Greatest Discoveries.

Views

Return of artifacts to Egypt

Hawass has repeatedly spearheaded movements to return many prominent and irregularly taken Ancient Egyptian artifacts back to Egypt from collections in various other countries. Examples of these artifacts include: the Rosetta Stone, the bust of Nefertiti, the Dendera zodiac ceiling painting from the Dendera Temple, the bust of Ankhhaf (the architect of the KhafrePyramid), the faces of Amenhotep III's tomb at the Louvre Museum, the Luxor Temple's obelisk at the Place de la Concorde and the statue of Hemiunu.

In July , the Egyptians requested the return of the Rosetta Stone from the British Museum. Hawass, then serving as Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Cairo, spoke at a press conference saying: "If the British want to be remembered, if they want to restore their reputation, they should volunteer to return the Rosetta Stone because it is the icon of our Egyptian identity".^[37][38] Referring to Egyptian antiquities at the British Museum, Hawass said: "These are Egyptian monuments. I will make life miserable for anyone who keeps them".^[39]

In , Hawass relaunched his restitution campaign, asking the Berlin State Museums, the British Museum and the Musée du Louvre: “How can you refuse to lend to the new Grand Egyptian Museum when you have taken so many antiquities from Egypt?" All three museums refused his loan requests.^[40]

In , Hawass launched another petition, calling once again for the return of the Rosetta Stone, the bust of Nefertiti and the Dendera Zodiac ceiling to Egypt.^[41][40]

DNA testing of Egyptian mummies

Further information: List of DNA-tested mummies

Hawass has been skeptical of the DNA testing of Egyptian mummies: "From what I understand," he has said, "it is not always accurate and it cannot always be done with complete success when dealing with mummies. Until we know for sure that it is accurate, we will not use it in our research."^[42]

In December , a joint team from Waseda University in Japan and Cairo's Ain Shams University tried to get permission for DNA testing of Egyptian mummies, but was denied by the Egyptian Government.^[43] Hawass stated at the time that DNA analysis was out of the question because it would not lead to anything.^[44]

In February , Hawass and his team announced that they had analyzed the mummies of Tutankhamun and ten other mummies and said that the king could have died from a malaria infection that followed a leg fracture.^[45] German researchers Christian Timmann and Christian Meyer have cast doubt on this theory, suggesting other possible alternatives for Tutankhamun's cause of death.^[46]

In , a study signed by Hawass disclosed that Ramses III may have had a haplogroupE1b1a that most dominant in Sub-Saharan Africa, and it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa, West Asia, and Southern Europe.^[47]

A study by Gad, Hawass, et al. analysed mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups from Tutankhamun's family members of the 18th Dynasty, using comprehensive control procedures to ensure quality results. The study found that the Y-chromosome haplogroup of the family was R1b. Haplogroup R1b is carried by modern Egyptians. Modern Egypt is also the only African country that is known to harbor all three R1 subtypes, including R1b-M While mitochondrial linage was found to be on K and H2b, both haplogroups did not originate in Africa yet it exists in both Ancient and Modern Egyptians.^[48]

On Afrocentrism

Hawass refutes Afrocentrist Claims of Ancient Egyptian history, he explained “We are not against Black people at all, but we are against this group that entered the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir to announce ideas that have no basis in truth and are fantasies”, that after a group of Afrocentric travel group was founded to be falsifying history in the Egyptian Museum.^[49] he added "“There is a very important fact Afrocentrists need to know: the depictions on Egyptian temples from the Old Kingdom to the end of the Late Period show the King of Egypt and in front of him are captives from Africa, Libya, Syria, and Palestine,” he said referring to Ramses III Prisoner tiles among other evidence that show the difference between Egyptians and their neighbors.

Following Netflix's Cleopatra controversy, Hawas appeared in a minute documentary "Cleopatra", released on director Curtis Ryan Woodside's YouTube channel, describes itself as telling the "true" story of the Ptolemaic dynasty's last ruler. "Was Cleopatra black? First of all, I have nothing against black people at all, but I am stating the facts -- look at the Macedonian queens, none of them were black", Hawass, says in the documentary.^[50] Yet he criticized the lawsuit against Netflix over the film stating “We can’t make a case against the Netflix platform, because we will definitely lose as they have the right to broadcast as long as it is a matter of freedom of opinion, and we can make a movie that overshadows everything they did.. but our case against them will not be successful.” he also pointed out, “Two years ago, Mostafa Waziri (the Supreme Council of Antiquities) and I worked with the Netflix platform on the archaeological discoveries in Saqqara, and the film has been translated into languages and will be released soon. They broadcast all the work.”^[51]

In , after ending his lecture about ancient Egypt at Columbus, Ohio, Zahi Hawass asked the audience whether they have any questions. An Afro-American woman stood up and asked: “Why do you attack us?”. He said “When the woman asked me this question, I replied, ‘No I didn’t attack you, but let’s discuss the evidence that refutes the claim of ancient Egypt’s black African origins’,” and he went on explaining and providing evidence that Ancient Egyptian civilization is Egyptian made not African made, “African countries and Egypt share the same Nile. But the ancient Egyptian civilization occurred here in Egypt, not in any other African country,” said Hawass “The granite came from Aswan, diorite from Nubia, sandstone from Kom Ombo, alabaster from Het-Nub in Middle Egypt, white limestone from Tura, basalt from Fayoum and turquoise and copper from Sinai. Egypt also has plenty of gold,” he explained.^[52]

Aliens and the Pyramids

Hawas criticized a tweet by US billionaire Elon Musk claiming that aliens built the pyramids, he stated in TV interview that that studying ancient Egyptian civilization provides a comprehensive understanding of its secrets. “Elon Musk’s comment on the pyramids indicates his lack of knowledge about the history of Egyptian civilization,” he said. He noted that there are those who spread false rumors about ancient Egyptian civilization to gain attention, stressing: “Anyone who doubts Egyptian civilization, I will confront them. I am holding a stick for anyone who spreads these false rumors.”^[53] Hawas often refer to Merer Papyrus and Tombs of pyramids builders as the biggest evidence on the fact that the pyramids were built by Egyptian workers.

Biblical and Quranic stories

Hawass said that the archeology and antiquities do not contain proof that Moses or Joseph living in Egypt or the exodus of the Israelites from it. he said, “I am a Muslim who believes that our Master Moses lived in Egypt and that the exodus occurred from Egypt, But on the other hand, is there evidence in the antiquities that prove this?” the answer is no".^[54] Hawass also asserted that there is no archeological evidence confirming the identity of the pharaoh who ruled during the arrival of the Prophets Moses and Joseph to Egypt, adding that information currently available on the issue is limited to guesses and speculation.^[55]

Controversies

Relationships with other archaeologists

Hawass has been accused of domineering behaviour, forbidding archaeologists to announce their own findings and courting the media for his own gain after they were denied access to archaeological sites because, according to Hawass, they were too amateurish.^[56] A few, however, have said in interviews that some of what Hawass has done for the field was long overdue.^[56] Hawass has typically ignored or dismissed his critics and, when asked about it, he indicated that what he does is for the sake of Egypt and the preservation of its antiquities.^[57]

Views on Jews and Israel

Hawass has been a long-standing opponent of normalised relations between Israel and Egypt.^[58] In January , Hawass wrote in Asharq Al-Awsat: "The concept of killing women, children, and elderly people&#; seems to run in the blood of the Jews of Palestine" and that "the only thing that the Jews have learned from history is methods of tyranny and torment—so much so that they have become artists in this field." He explained that he was not referring to the Jews' "[original] faith" but rather "the faith that they forged and contaminated with their poison, which is aimed against all of mankind."^[59] In an interview on Egyptian television in April , Hawass stated that "although Jews are few in number, they control the entire world" and commented on the "control they have" of the American economy and the media.^[60][61][62] He later wrote that he was using rhetoric to explain political fragmentation among the Arabs, and that he does not believe in a "Jewish conspiracy to control the world".^[63]

Nevertheless, Zahi Hawass aided the Egyptian government on renovating an old dilapidated synagogue in what was once a Jewish neighborhood in Old Cairo, stating: "If you don't restore the Jewish synagogues, you lose part of your history."^[64]

Aftermath of protests

Criticism of Hawass, in Egypt and more broadly, increased following the protests in Egypt in On July 12, , The New York Times reported that Hawass receives an honorarium each year "of as much as $, from National Geographic to be an explorer-in-residence even as he controls access to the ancient sites it often features in its reports."^[65] The Times also reported that he has relationships with two American companies that do business in Egypt.^[65]

On April 17, , Hawass was sentenced to jail for one year for refusing to obey a court ruling^[66] relating to a contract for the gift shop at the Egyptian Museum to a company with links to Hawass.^[65] The ruling was appealed and this specific sentence was suspended pending appeal.^[66][67] The following day, the National Council of Egypt's Administrative Court issued a decree to overturn the court's original ruling, specifying that he would serve no jail time, and would instead remain in his position as Minister of Antiquities. The jail sentence was lifted after a new contract was solicited for the running of the gift shop.^[65][68]

Association with Mubarak

As Minister of Antiquities, Hawass was closely associated with the government of former President Hosni Mubarak. His resignation as minister on March 3, , and his re-appointment to the Ministry on March 30, , have been seen as part of the overall events surrounding Mubarak's resignation. It was reported that his re-appointment angered numerous factions, who opposed the appointment of any of the old guard under Mubarak to new positions in the government.^[69] The Egyptian protests resulted in increased criticism of Hawass. Demonstrators called for his resignation, and the upheaval increased attention on his relationship with the Mubarak family and the way in which he has increased his public profile in recent years.^[65]

Commercial endeavours

Hawass has lent his name to a line of men's apparel, described by The New York Times as "a line of rugged khakis, denim shirts and carefully worn leather jackets that are meant, according to the catalog copy, to hark "back to Egypt’s golden age of discovery in the early 20th century"; the clothing was first sold at Harrods department store in London, in April ^[66] Critics say the Hawass clothing commercializes Egyptian history, and objected to their understanding that "models had sat on or scuffed priceless ancient artifacts during the photo shoot", an accusation that was denied by Hawass and the clothing manufacturers.^[66] Hawass already sells a line of Stetson hats reproducing the ones he wears, which "very much resemble" the ones worn by Harrison Ford in the Indiana Jones movies.^[66]

Personal life

Hawas is married to Fekrya Hawas, a gynecologist whom he met in they have two grown sons, one a physician, the other a restaurateur, both living in Cairo.^[70][71]

He was a close friend with actor Omar Sharif and accompanied him in his final days until his death in in , Hawas posted an Instagram post remembering his friend "yesterday I remembered my dear friend Omar El-Sherif who was born on April 10th. We used to celebrate together and I would sing for him the song by Marilyn Monroe celebrating the birthday of President JF Kennedy and he would sing the same song to me on my birthday."^[72]

Hawas was a friend of Jehan Sadat, the former First Lady of Egypt. Hawas and Sadat organized "private tour of the country’s pharaonic sites" for guests^[73] for years until her death in , "Her charisma was electrifying to an extent that when she spoke the audience would be so silent you could hear a pin drop" Hawas said remembering her.^[74]

Honors and awards

Hawass is the recipient of the Egyptian state award of the first degree for his work in the Sphinx restoration project.^[75] In , he was silver medallist offered by the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.^[76] In , he was awarded the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate and the glass obelisk from US scholars for his efforts to the protection and preservation of Ancient Egyptian monuments.^[75][77] In , Hawass was given international membership in the Russian Academy for Natural Sciences (RANS)^[75] and, in , he was chosen as one of the world's most influential people by Time.^[75] In , he was awarded the Golden Memorial Medal of Charles University.^[78] In , he was awarded by the Academia Brasileira de Letras for being the only archaeologist who wrote more than 30 books.^[79] In the same year, he received the Presidential Medal of the Republic of Kosovo in recognition for his entire academic output.^[80] Also in , he received the grand prize of the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Culture.^[81] In , he received the plaque of honour from the Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences of Cairo.^[82]

Hawass has received many honorary degrees. From outside Egypt, he has received honorary doctorates from the University of Pennsylvania (),^[83] the University of Lisbon (),^[84] the Chandrakasem Rajabhat University (),^[85] the New Bulgarian University (),^[86] the Universidad Católica Santo Domingo (),^[87] the Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola ()^[88] and the Russian State University for the Humanities ().^[89]

Works

Main article: List of works by Zahi Hawass

Hawass has written and co-written many books relating to Egyptology, including The Curse of the Pharaohs: My Adventures with Mummies,^{[citation needed]} and King Tutankhamun: The Treasures from the Tomb,^[98] the latter published to coincide with a major exhibition in the UK.^{[99][][better&#;source&#;needed][original research?]} He has also written on Tutankhamun for Ancient Egypt.^{[citation needed]}

Hawass is a regular columnist for Egypt Today^{[citation needed]} and the online historical community Heritage Key.^{[citation needed]} He has narrated several videos on Egyptology, including a series on Tutankhamun.^[]

Main publications

• The Great Book of Ancient Egypt: In the Realm of the Pharaohs, London, ed. White Star,
• Giza and the Pyramids, London, ed. Thames & Hudson Ltd,
• Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press,
• Newly-Discovered Statues from Giza (), Cairo, ed. Ministry of Culture,
• Highlights of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, ed. The American University in Cairo Press,
• Inside the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, ed. he American University in Cairo Press,
• Cleopatra: The Search for the Last Queen of Egypt, Washington, D.C., ed. National Geographic Society,
• Life in Paradise: The Noble Tombs of Thebes, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press,
• King Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb, Thames & Hudson,
• Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza, Cairo, ed. Ministry of Culture,
• The Royal Tombs of Egypt: The Art of Thebes Revealed, Thames & Hudson,
• Mountains of the Pharaohs: A History of the Pyramids of Egypt, New York, ed. Doubleday Books,
• Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs: A Souvenir Book, London, ed. National Geographic Society,
• Tutankhamun: The Mystery of the Boy King, London, ed. National Geographic Society,
• The Island of Kalabsha, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press,
• How The Great Pyramid Was Built, Washington, D.C., ed. Smithsonian Books,
• Curse of the Pharaohs: My Adventures With Mummies, London, ed. National Geographic Society,
• Hidden Treasures of Ancient Egypt: Unearthing the Masterpieces of Egyptian History, London, ed. National Geographic Society, Londres,
• The Golden Age of Tutankhamun: Divine Might and Splendor in the New Kingdom, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press,
• Cradle & Crucible: History and Faith in the Middle East, avec David Fromkin et Milton Viorst, London, ed. National Geographic Society,
• Tesoros de las Piramides, Washington, D.C., ed. Grupo Oceano,
• The Treasures of the Pyramids, London, ed. White Star,
• Egyptian Museum Collections Around the World: Studies for the Centennial of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press,
• Secrets from the Sand: My Search for Egypt's Past, New York, ed. Harry N. Abrams,
• Bibliotheca Alexandrina: The Archaeology Museum, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press,
• Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: History, Religion: Proceedings of the Eighth International, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press,
• Hidden Treasures of the Egyptian Museum: One Hundred Masterpieces Form the Centennial Exhibition, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press,
• Fantasy Literature for Children and Young Adults (with Pamela S. Gates), Washington, D.C., ed. Scarecrow Press,
• The Mysteries of Abu Simbel: Ramesses II and the Temples of the Rising Sun, Cairo, ed. American University in Cairo Press,
• Valley of the Golden Mummies: The Greatest Egyptian Discovery Since Tutankhamun, London, ed. Virgin Books,
• The Egyptian Monuments: Problems and Solutions, Berlin, ed. Gruyter,
• Silent Images: Women in Pharaonic Egypt, Cultural Development Fund, Ministry of Culture,
• The Funerary Establishments of Khufu, Khafra and Menkaura During the Old Kingdom, Pennsylvania, ed. University of Pennsylvania,

Further reading

• Schulz, Matthias (). "Egypt's Avenger of the Pharaohs"(online). Spiegel Online International (May 28). Retrieved January 25,
• Tierney, John (). "Science, Findings: A Case in Antiquities for 'Finders Keepers'"(online). The New York Times. No.&#;November Retrieved January 25,
• Parker, Ian (). "Letter from Cairo, The Pharaoh: Is Zahi Hawass bad for Egyptology?"(print, online). The New Yorker. No.&#;November pp.&#;53– Retrieved January 25,

References